共通テスト英語 2022年度（令和4年度） 追再試験 第5問
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During his 87 years of life, both above and below the waves, Jacques Cousteau did many great things. He was an officer in the French navy, an explorer, an environmentalist, a filmmaker, a scientist, an author, and a researcher who studied all forms of underwater life.

Born in France in 1910, he went to school in Paris and then entered the French naval academy in 1930. After graduating in 1933, he was training to become a pilot, when he was involved in a car accident and was badly injured. This put an end to his flying career. To help recover from his injuries, Cousteau began swimming in the Mediterranean, which increased his interest in life underwater. Around this time, he carried out his first underwater research. Cousteau remained in the navy until 1949, even though he could no longer follow his dream of becoming a pilot.

In the 1940s, Cousteau became friends with Marcel Ichac, who lived in the same village. Both men shared a desire to explore unknown and difficult-to-reach places. For Ichac this was mountain peaks, and for Cousteau it was the mysterious world under the sea. In 1943, these two neighbors became widely recognized when they won a prize for the first French underwater documentary.

Their documentary, 18 Meters Deep, had been filmed the previous year without breathing equipment. After their success they went on to make another film, Shipwrecks, using one of the very first underwater breathing devices, known as the Aqua-Lung. While filming Shipwrecks, Cousteau was not satisfied with how long he could breathe underwater, and made improvements to its design. His improved equipment enabled him to explore the wreck of the Roman ship, the Mahdia, in 1948.

Cousteau was always watching the ocean, even from age four when he first learned how to swim. In his book, The Silent World, published in 1953, he describes a group of dolphins following his boat. He had long suspected that dolphins used echolocation (navigating with sound waves), so he decided to try an experiment. Cousteau changed direction by a few degrees so that the boat wasn’t following the best course, according to his underwater maps. The dolphins followed for a few minutes, but then changed back to their original course. Seeing this, Cousteau confirmed his prediction about their ability, even though human use of echolocation was still relatively new.

Throughout his life, Cousteau’s work would continue to be recognized internationally. He had the ability to capture the beauty of the world below the surface of the ocean with cameras, and he shared the images with ordinary people through his many publications. For this he was awarded the Special Gold Medal by National Geographic in 1961. Later, his lifelong passion for environmental work would help educate people on the necessity of protecting the ocean and aquatic life. For this he was honored in 1977 with the United Nations International Environment Prize.

Jacques Cousteau’s life has inspired writers, filmmakers, and even musicians. In 2010, Brad Matsen published Jacques Cousteau: The Sea King. This was followed by the film The Odyssey in 2016, which shows his time as the captain of the research boat Calypso. When Cousteau was at the peak of his career, the American musician John Denver used the research boat as the title for a piece on his album Windsong.

Cousteau himself produced more than 50 books and 120 television documentaries. His first documentary series, The Undersea World of Jacques Cousteau, ran for ten years. His style of presentation made these programs very popular, and a second documentary series, The Cousteau Odyssey, was aired for another five years. Thanks to the life and work of Jacques Cousteau, we have a better understanding of what is going on under the waves.

Jacques Cousteau — [30] — International Summer Program Presentation

Early Career (before 1940)

• Graduated from the naval academy • [31] • Started to conduct underwater research • Continued working in the navy

In the 1940s

Desired to reveal the underwater world [32] → [33] → [34] → [35]

Some Major Works

Title | Description 18 Meters Deep | An early prize-winning documentary [36] (A) A book mentioning his scientific experiment (B) A documentary series that lasted a decade

Contributions

• Developed diving equipment • Confirmed dolphins use echolocation • Made attractive documentaries about aquatic life • [37] • [38]

Which is the best subtitle for your presentation? [30]

Choose the best option to complete the Early Career (before 1940) slide. [31]

Choose four out of the five events (①–⑤) in the order they happened to complete the In the 1940s slide. [32] → [33] → [34] → [35]

Choose the best combination to complete the Some Major Works slide. [36]

Choose two achievements to complete the Contributions slide. (The order does not matter.) [37]・[38]